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The ''Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences'' ((イタリア語:Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche Intorno a Due Nuove Scienze), ), published in 1638 was Galileo's final book and a scientific testament covering much of his work in physics over the preceding thirty years. After his ''Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems'', the Roman Inquisition had banned the publication of any of Galileo's works, including any he might write in the future.〔. See Galileo affair for further details.〕 After the failure of his initial attempts to publish ''Two New Sciences'' in France, Germany, and Poland, it was published by Lodewijk Elzevir who was working in Leiden, South Holland, where the writ of the Inquisition was of less consequence (see House of Elzevir). Fra Fulgenzio Micanzio, the official theologian of the Republic of Venice, had initially offered to help Galileo publish in Venice the new work, but he pointed out that publishing the 'Two New Sciences' in Venice might cause Galileo unnecessary trouble; thus, the book was eventually published in Holland. Galileo did not seem to suffer any harm from the Inquisition for publishing this book since in January 1639, the book reached Rome's bookstores, and all available copies (about fifty) were quickly sold and everyone seemed to like it. ''Discourses'' was written in a style similar to ''Dialogues'', in which three men (Simplicio, Sagredo, and Salviati) discuss and debate the various questions Galileo is seeking to answer. There is a notable change in the men, however; Simplicio, in particular, is no longer quite as simple-minded and stubborn an Aristotelian as his name implies. His arguments are representative of Galileo's own early beliefs, as Sagredo represents his middle period, and Salviati proposes Galileo's newest models. ==Introduction== The book is divided into four days, each addressing different areas of physics. Galileo dedicates ''Two New Sciences'' to Lord Count of Noailles. In the First Day, Galileo addressed topics that were discussed in Aristotle's Physics and also the Aristotelian school Mechanics. It also provides an introduction to the discussion of both of the new sciences. The likeness between the topics discussed, specific questions that are hypothesized, and the style and sources throughout give Galileo the backbone to his First Day. The First Day introduces the speakers in the dialogue: Salviati, Sagredo, and Simplicio, the same as in the Dialogue. These three people are all Galileo just at different stages of his life, Simplicio the youngest and Salviati, Galileo's closest counterpart. It also provides an introduction to the discussion of both of the new sciences. The second day addresses the question of the strength of materials. The Third and Fourth days address the science of motion. The Third day discusses uniform and naturally accelerated motion, the issue of terminal velocity having been addressed in the First day. The Fourth day discusses projectile motion. In ''Two Sciences'' uniform motion is defined as a motion that, over ''any'' equal periods of time, covers equal distance. With the use of the quantifier ″any″, uniformity is introduced and expressed more explicitly than in previous definitions.〔Plotnitsky, Arkady; Reed, David (1 January 2001). "Discourse, Mathematics, Demonstration, and Science in Galileo's Discourses Concerning Two New Sciences". Configurations 9 (1): 37–64.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Two New Sciences」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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